Understanding Gastric Cancer: Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

Introduction

Gastric cancer, also known as stomach cancer, is a serious global health concern and one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Despite advancements in medical technology, its often asymptomatic nature during early stages makes it difficult to detect until it has progressed to advanced stages. This article provides a comprehensive overview of gastric cancer, including its causes, risk factors, diagnosis, treatment options, prevention strategies, and ongoing research.

Source : https://www.databridgemarketresearch.com/reports/global-gastric-cancer-market

What is Gastric Cancer?

Gastric cancer originates in the lining of the stomach. The most common type is adenocarcinoma, which begins in the mucus-producing cells of the stomach lining. Other rare types include lymphomas, gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST), and carcinoid tumors.

Global Statistics

According to the World Health Organization, gastric cancer is the fifth most commonly diagnosed cancer and the third leading cause of cancer death globally. It is more prevalent in East Asia, Eastern Europe, and parts of South America.

Causes and Risk Factors

Understanding what contributes to the development of gastric cancer is crucial for prevention and early detection.

1. Helicobacter pylori Infection

A chronic infection with H. pylori bacteria is one of the most significant risk factors. It can cause chronic inflammation and changes in the stomach lining, potentially leading to cancer.

2. Diet and Lifestyle

• High-salt diets, smoked and pickled foods, and low intake of fruits and vegetables increase risk.

• Smoking and excessive alcohol consumption are also contributing factors.

3. Genetic Predisposition

A family history of gastric cancer or inherited genetic mutations such as CDH1 can increase risk.

4. Medical Conditions

• Chronic gastritis

• Pernicious anemia

• Intestinal metaplasia

• Previous stomach surgery

5. Age and Gender

Gastric cancer is more common in individuals over the age of 50 and is more prevalent in men than women.

Symptoms of Gastric Cancer

In the early stages, gastric cancer may not show symptoms. As the disease progresses, symptoms may include:

• Indigestion and heartburn

• Loss of appetite

• Unexplained weight loss

• Abdominal pain

• Nausea and vomiting

• Blood in the stool or vomit

Diagnosis

Early diagnosis significantly improves survival rates. Diagnostic methods include:

1. Endoscopy

A thin tube with a camera is inserted down the throat to visualize the stomach lining and collect biopsies.

2. Imaging Tests

CT scans, PET scans, and barium swallow X-rays help determine the extent and spread of the cancer.

3. Biopsy

Microscopic examination of tissue samples confirms the presence and type of cancer.

4. Blood Tests

These may detect anemia or elevated tumor markers such as CA 72-4 and CEA.

Staging of Gastric Cancer

Staging helps determine the best treatment strategy and prognosis:

• Stage 0 – Cancer is confined to the inner lining.

• Stage I-II – Cancer has spread to the deeper layers of the stomach and possibly nearby lymph nodes.

• Stage III – Cancer has spread extensively to lymph nodes.

• Stage IV – Cancer has metastasized to other organs.

Treatment Options

Treatment depends on the cancer stage, location, and patient health. The main modalities include:

1. Surgery

• Subtotal gastrectomy: Removal of part of the stomach.

• Total gastrectomy: Removal of the entire stomach.

• Lymph node dissection is also performed to prevent spread.

2. Chemotherapy

Drugs are used to kill cancer cells, often before or after surgery. Common drugs include cisplatin, 5-FU, and docetaxel.

3. Radiation Therapy

High-energy rays are used to target and kill cancer cells, often in combination with chemotherapy.

4. Targeted Therapy

Medications like trastuzumab target specific proteins (e.g., HER2) on cancer cells.

5. Immunotherapy

Immune checkpoint inhibitors such as nivolumab have shown promise in advanced stages.

Side Effects of Treatment

Common side effects include:

• Fatigue

• Nausea and vomiting

• Diarrhea or constipation

• Hair loss

• Loss of appetite

• Risk of infections

Supportive care and proper nutritional support are essential during treatment.

Prognosis and Survival Rates

Prognosis depends on cancer stage, patient health, and response to treatment. The five-year survival rate varies:

• Early-stage: Over 70%

• Localized stage: 68%

• Regional spread: 31%

• Metastatic cancer: 5%

Prevention Strategies

While some risk factors are unavoidable, others can be managed to reduce risk:

1. Dietary Changes

Consume a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and fiber. Avoid excessive salt, smoked meats, and pickled foods.

2. H. pylori Treatment

Early detection and eradication of H. pylori infection can prevent gastric cancer.

3. Quit Smoking and Limit Alcohol

Smoking and alcohol significantly increase the risk of stomach cancer.

4. Regular Screening

High-risk individuals, especially in areas with high gastric cancer incidence, should undergo routine endoscopy.

5. Maintain a Healthy Weight

Obesity is linked to various cancers, including gastric cancer. A balanced diet and regular exercise help reduce risk.

Advances in Gastric Cancer Research

1. Biomarkers and Genetics

Research is focusing on genetic profiling and biomarkers to personalize treatment and predict outcomes.

2. Liquid Biopsies

These tests detect tumor DNA in the bloodstream, offering a non-invasive diagnostic option.

3. Immunotherapy

Ongoing trials are evaluating new checkpoint inhibitors and vaccine-based treatments.

4. Artificial Intelligence

AI is being used to improve early diagnosis through endoscopic image analysis and predictive modeling.

Living with Gastric Cancer

Living with gastric cancer presents physical, emotional, and social challenges.

1. Nutritional Management

After surgery, patients may need to adapt to smaller meals and avoid certain foods. Nutritional counseling is vital.

2. Psychological Support

Coping with a cancer diagnosis can be emotionally draining. Support groups, counseling, and therapy can be beneficial.

3. Palliative Care

For advanced cases, palliative care focuses on improving quality of life, managing symptoms, and providing emotional support.

Conclusion

Gastric cancer remains a major global health issue, but early detection, lifestyle changes, and medical advancements are improving outcomes. Awareness of risk factors, prompt diagnosis, and a multidisciplinary treatment approach are critical.

With continuous research and technological innovations, the fight against gastric cancer is becoming more effective, offering hope to patients and families worldwide.

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